Raspberry Pi Tutorial: How Do I Update, Upgrade And Install Software Before Flashing An Image?

It seems silly to use our limited SD write cycles to upgrade the software shipped on the images. So, how can we upgrade said software before flashing the image to an SD card?

The Hard Way

Preparing your system - Debian/Ubuntu

I know this doesn't work on Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, because some of the packages are too old.

Ensure your own system is up to date.

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get upgrade

Install some new software

$ sudo apt-get install binfmt-support qemu qemu-user-static unzip

qemu is an ARM emulator, and qemu-user-static and binfmt-support allows us to run ARM executables without emulating the ARM kernel. (How cool is that!?!)

Preparing your system - Arch

I can't find a statically linked qemu in the Arch repositories, so we will have to compile from source.

1. Download the latest release from http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/qemu.git

2. Unzip and run

   ./configure --disable-kvm --target-list=arm-linux-user --static

3. Build using make and install using sudo make install.

4. Run the following as root

   echo ':arm:M::\x7fELF\x01\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x28\x00:\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff:/usr/local/bin/qemu-arm:' > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register

   echo ':armeb:M::\x7fELF\x01\x02\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x28:\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff:/usr/local/bin/qemu-armeb:' > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register

Warning You shouldn't run arbitrary commands you find online as root - these were taken from qemu-binfmt-conf.sh under the ARM cpu type. Please extract the commands from this file and run those.

Download and unzip the image

Go to raspberrypi.org and download the image you want. Unzip it and save the .img file somewhere useful.

$ sudo mkdir -p /images/debian-squeeze
$ sudo wget "http://files.velocix.com/c1410/images/debian/6/debian6-19-04-2012/debian6-19-04-2012.zip" -O "/images/debian-squeeze.zip"
$ sudo unzip "/images/debian-squeeze.zip" -d /images/debian-squeeze
$ sudo rm /images/debian-squeeze.zip

Find the correct partition

The .img will contain 3 partitions, including the boot partition.

$ cd /images/debian-squeeze/debian6-19-04-2012/
$ fdisk -lu debian6-19-04-2012.img
Disk debian6-19-04-2012.img: 1949 MB, 1949999616 bytes
4 heads, 32 sectors/track, 29754 cylinders, total 3808593 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000ee283

                 Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
debian6-19-04-2012.img1            2048      155647       76800    c  W95 FAT32 (LBA)
debian6-19-04-2012.img2          157696     3414015     1628160   83  Linux
debian6-19-04-2012.img3         3416064     3807231      195584   82  Linux swap / Solaris

We need to know the offset of the Linux partition, in this case it is 157696 sectors, and the boot partition, which is at 2048 sectors. Each sector is 512 bytes, so the root offset is 157696*512=80740352 bytes and the boot offset is 2048*512=1048576.

Mount the image as a loopback device

Next, we need to mount the image as a file system. This can be done using a loopback device. We use the offset from the previous section to tell mount which partitions to mount and where. The order of these commands is important.

$ sudo mount -o loop,offset=80740352 "/images/debian-squeeze/debian6-19-04-2012/debian6-19-04-2012.img" /mnt
$ sudo mount -o loop,offset=1048576 "/images/debian-squeeze/debian6-19-04-2012/debian6-19-04-2012.img" /mnt/boot

Preparing the filesystem.

We're nearly ready to chroot into our file system and start installing new software. First, we must install the emulator into our image, as it won't be available once we use chroot.

Debian/Ubuntu

$ sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /mnt/usr/bin/

Arch Linux

$ sudo cp /usr/local/bin/qemu-arm /mnt/usr/local/bin/

All host systems

We also need to provide access to certain other parts of the system.

$ sudo mount --rbind /dev     /mnt/dev
$ sudo mount -t proc none     /mnt/proc
$ sudo mount -o bind /sys     /mnt/sys

chroot

We are done! chroot away...

$ sudo chroot /mnt

You are now in your Raspberry Pi, but the services aren't running etc. Be careful, you are root!

Update/Install software - Debian Image

To update the software, we use apt-get.

 # apt-get update
 # apt-get upgrade

You can also install software using apt-get install as per usual.

Update/Install software - Arch Image

To update the software, we use pacman.

 # pacman -Syu

You can also install software using pacman -S as per usual.

NOTE You can run pacman natively by following the instructions on How Do I Run My Native Pacman Against A Mounted Image?.

Exiting

You can exit the chroot by using Ctrl+D and unmount the system by running sudo umount /mnt - you will have to unmount each mount point separately.

You should remove qemu-user-static from /usr/bin or qemu-arm from /usr/local/bin on the RPi, then the image is ready to be flashed.

Final Words

This is a little long and tedious, but do it once and you'll learn loads about how this all works!

The Easy Way - piimg

I've started work on a utility for doing a lot of this for you. It is called piimg and can be found at github.com/alexchamberlain/piimg.

So far, it can mount the SD card for you by running

piimg mount /images/debian-squeeze/debian6-19-04-2012/debian6-19-04-2012.img /mnt

and unmount them again by running

piimg umount /mnt

You just need to install qemu and chroot away.

References

1. Running ARM Linux on your desktop PC: The foreign chroot way